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How Many Species Of Animals Live In Madagascar

Written By Friday, May 13, 2022 Add Comment Edit

A ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta), the most familiar of Madagascar's numerous species of lemur.

The composition of Madagascar's wild animals reflects the fact that the island has been isolated for about 88 1000000 years. The prehistoric breakdown of the supercontinent Gondwana separated the Republic of madagascar-Antarctica-India landmass from the Africa-South America landmass around 135 million years ago. Madagascar later split from India nigh 88 million years ago, allowing plants and animals on the isle to evolve in relative isolation.[one]

Every bit a consequence of the island's long isolation from neighboring continents, Republic of madagascar is home to an abundance of plants and animals found nowhere else on Earth.[2] [3] Approximately 90 percent of all plant and animal species found in Madagascar are endemic,[4] including the lemurs (a type of strepsirrhine primate), the carnivorous fossa and many birds. This distinctive ecology has led some ecologists to refer to Madagascar equally the "8th continent",[five] and the island has been classified by Conservation International as a biodiversity hotspot.[2] As recent as 2021, the "smallest reptile on earth" was also institute in Madagascar, known equally the Brookesia nana, or nano-chameleon.[6]

Fauna [edit]

A silky sifaka on the trunk of a tree

The silky sifaka is ane of over 100 known species and subspecies of lemur found only in Madagascar.[vii]

Madagascar's isolation from other land masses throughout the Cenozoic Era has led to the evolution of a big proportion of endemic animal species and the absence of many taxa found on neighboring continents. Some of Madagascar'due south animals appear to represent lineages that have been present since the breakdown of Gondwana, while many others, including all of the nonflying native mammals, are descendants of ancestors that survived rare rafting or pond voyages from Africa (likely aided by currents).[viii] [9] Every bit of 2012 it has over 200 extant mammal species, including over 100 species of lemurs, about 300 species of birds, more 260 species of reptiles, and at least 266 species of amphibians. The island as well has a rich invertebrate fauna including earthworms, insects, spiders and nonmarine molluscs.

Lemurs have been characterized as "Republic of madagascar'south flagship mammal species" by Conservation International.[2] In the absence of monkeys and other competitors, these primates take adapted to a wide range of habitats and diversified into numerous species. As of 2012, there were officially 103 species and subspecies of lemur,[10] 39 of which were described by zoologists between 2000 and 2008.[xi] They are almost all classified as rare, vulnerable, or endangered. Since the arrival of humans on Madagascar, at to the lowest degree 17 species of lemur have get extinct; all of them were larger than the surviving lemur species.[12]

A number of other mammals, including the cat-like fossa, are owned to Madagascar. Over 300 species of birds have been recorded on the island, of which over 60 percent (including iv families and 42 genera) are endemic.[2] The few families and genera of reptile that have reached Madagascar have diversified into more 260 species, with over xc percent of these being endemic[13] (including one endemic family).[ii] The isle is home to two-thirds of the world'southward chameleon species,[13] including the smallest known,[14] and researchers have proposed that Madagascar may be the origin of all chameleons.

Owned fish of Republic of madagascar include two families, fifteen genera and over 100 species, primarily inhabiting the island's freshwater lakes and rivers. Although invertebrates remain poorly studied on Republic of madagascar, researchers have establish high rates of endemism amongst the known species. All 651 species of terrestrial snail are owned, as are a majority of the island'southward butterflies, scarab beetles, lacewings, spiders and dragonflies.[ii]

Flora [edit]

Comet orchid (Angraecum sesquipedale), the flowers of this orchid have a very long spur and are pollinated by a species of hawkmoth with a proboscis of matching length.

More than than lxxx percent of Madagascar'due south 14,883 institute species are institute nowhere else in the world, including five plant families.[15] There are several endemic families including the Asteropeiaceae, Sarcolaenaceae and Sphaerosepalaceae. The humid eastern part of the island was formerly covered in rainforest with many palms, ferns and bamboo, although much of this wood has been reduced by human action. The westward has areas of dry deciduous forest with many lianas and with tamarind and baobabs among the dominant trees. Subhumid forest in one case covered much of the central plateau but grassland is now the dominant vegetation type at that place. The family Didiereaceae, equanimous of 4 genera and 11 species, is express to the spiny forests of southwestern Madagascar.[16]

4-fifths of the world'southward Pachypodium species are owned to the island.[17] Iii-fourths[eighteen] of Madagascar's 860[fifteen] orchid species are found here solitary, as are six of the world's 8 baobab species.[19] The island is abode to around 170 palm species, three times as many equally on all of mainland Africa; 165 of them are endemic.[18]

Many native plant species are used as herbal remedies for a variety of afflictions. The drugs vinblastine and vincristine, used to treat Hodgkin'southward disease, leukemia and other cancers, were derived from the Madagascar periwinkle.[20] The traveler'due south palm, known locally equally ravinala [21] and endemic to the eastern rain forests,[22] is highly iconic of Madagascar and is featured in the national emblem as well as the Air Madagascar logo.[23]

Environmental problems [edit]

Tavy (slash-and-fire) destruction of native wood habitat is widespread (left), causing massive erosion (center) and silting of rivers (right).

Madagascar'southward varied fauna and flora are endangered by human activity.[24] Since the arrival of humans effectually 2,350 years ago, Madagascar has lost more than than 90 percent of its original forest.[25]

This forest loss is largely fueled by tavy ("fat"), a traditional slash-and-burn agricultural exercise imported to Madagascar by the earliest settlers.[26] Malagasy farmers cover and perpetuate the practice non just for its practical benefits as an agronomical technique, but for its cultural associations with prosperity, wellness and venerated bequeathed custom (fomba malagasy).[27]

As human population density rose on the island, deforestation accelerated beginning around 1400 years ago.[28] By the 16th century, the fundamental highlands had been largely cleared of their original forests.[26] More recent contributors to the loss of forest cover include the growth in cattle herd size since their introduction around 1000 years ago, a continued reliance on charcoal as a fuel for cooking, and the increased prominence of coffee as a cash crop over the past century.[29] Co-ordinate to a conservative approximate, well-nigh 40 per centum of the island's original forest cover was lost from the 1950s to 2000, with a thinning of remaining forest areas by fourscore pct.[thirty]

In addition to traditional agricultural exercise, wild animals conservation is challenged by the illicit harvesting of protected forests, as well as the state-sanctioned harvesting of precious wood within national parks. Although banned past then-President Marc Ravalomanana from 2000 to 2009, the drove of small quantities of precious timber from national parks was re-authorized in January 2009 and has dramatically intensified under the assistants of current head of country Andry Rajoelina as a primal source of state revenues to offset cuts in donor support following Ravalomanana's ouster.[31] It is anticipated that all the island's rainforests, excluding those in protected areas and the steepest eastern mountain slopes, will have been deforested by 2025.[32]

Habitat devastation and hunting have threatened many of Madagascar'south owned species or driven them to extinction.[33] The island'south elephant birds, a family of endemic giant ratites, became extinct in 17th century or earlier, most probably due to homo hunting of adult birds and poaching of their large eggs for food.[34] Numerous giant lemur species vanished with the arrival of homo settlers to the island, while others became extinct over the course of the centuries as a growing human being population put greater pressures on lemur habitats and, among some populations, increased the charge per unit of lemur hunting for nutrient.[35]

A July 2012 cess found that the exploitation of natural resources since the 2009 coup has had dire consequences for the island's wildlife: 90 percent of lemur species were found to be threatened with extinction, the highest proportion of whatsoever mammalian grouping. Of these, 23 species were classified as critically endangered. By contrast, a previous study in 2008 had found just 38 percent of lemur species were at chance of extinction.[x]

Conservation [edit]

In 2003 Ravalomanana announced the Durban Vision, an initiative to more than triple the island'south protected natural areas to over 60,000 km2 (23,000 sq mi) or 10 percent of Madagascar's state surface. As of 2011, areas protected by the land included 5 Strict Nature Reserves (Réserves Naturelles Intégrales), 21 Wildlife Reserves (Réserves Spéciales) and 21 National Parks (Parcs Nationaux).[36] In 2007 six of the national parks were declared a joint World Heritage Site under the name Rainforests of the Atsinanana. These parks are Marojejy, Masoala, Ranomafana, Zahamena, Andohahela and Andringitra.[37]

Local timber merchants are harvesting scarce species of rosewood trees from protected rainforests within Marojejy National Park and exporting the wood to China for the production of luxury article of furniture and musical instruments.[38] To enhance public awareness of Republic of madagascar's environmental challenges, the Wild fauna Conservation Society opened an exhibit entitled "Madagascar!" in June 2008 at the Bronx Zoo in New York.[39]

There are many conservation networks dedicated to conserving wildlife in Madagascar. The Lemur Conservation Network works with over 100 organizations to mobilize funds and disperse them in order to promote conservation and research on lemurs. They as well accept a funding guide available to guide conservation donations, and promote a blog to engage the public and spread awareness.[xl] They are headed by Lucía Rodríguez Valverde and Seheno Corduant-Andriantsaralaza.[41]

Across the isle, Madagaskara Voakajy aims to conserve many endangered species that are often used every bit meat by the inhabitants of Madagascar. This arrangement, directed by Julie Hanta Razafimanahaka, focuses on community education in order to allow local people to understand the threats of bushmeat consumption, not only from a conservation standpoint but from a human health perspective as well. They as well train immature Malagasy people to get futurity biologists and conversationalists.[42]

Enquiry [edit]

Electric current inquiry in and on Republic of madagascar and the Western Indian Ocean islands is published in the Madagascan open admission periodical Madagascar Conservation & Development, an initiative by the Missouri Botanical Garden, the Madagascar Research and Conservation Program and the Establish and Museum of Anthropology at the Academy of Zurich.[43] The Lemur Conservation Network besides provides funding for many lemur inquiry programs.[40] Madagasikara Voakajy participates in inquiry and publication in society to bring conservation into the research earth.[43]

References [edit]

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  2. ^ a b c d due east f Conservation International (2007). "Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands". Biodiversity Hotspots. Conservation International. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
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  14. ^ Glaw, F.; Köhler, J. R.; Townsend, T. M.; Vences, Grand. (2012). Salamin, Nicolas (ed.). "Rivaling the World's Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Republic of madagascar". PLOS ONE. 7 (ii): e31314. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731314G. doi:10.1371/periodical.pone.0031314. PMC3279364. PMID 22348069.
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  16. ^ Vences, Miguel; Wollenberg, Katharina; Vieites, David; Lees, David (June 2009). "Madagascar as a model region of species diversification" (PDF). Trends in Ecology and Development. 24 (eight): 456–465. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.011. PMID 19500874. Archived from the original (PDF) on xi Feb 2012. Retrieved eleven February 2012.
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Bibliography [edit]

  • Bradt, Hilary (2011). Madagascar, 10th Ed.: The Bradt Travel Guide. London: Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN978-1-84162-341-ii.
  • Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Birds I: Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.). Grzimek'due south Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. eight (two ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. ISBN0-7876-5784-0.
  • Ellis, William (1859). Three visits to Madagascar during ... 1853-1854-1856. London: Oxford University.
  • Emoff, Ron (2004). "Spitting into the wind: Multi-edged environmentalism in Malagasy song". In Dawe, Kevin (ed.). Island Musics. New York: Berg. ISBN978-i-85973-703-3.
  • Hillstrom, Kevin; Collier Hillstrom, Laurie (2003). Africa and the Middle E: a continental overview of ecology issues. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-1-57607-688-0.
  • Hobbes, Joseph; Dolan, Andrew (2008). World Regional Geography. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. ISBN978-0-495-38950-7.
  • Kull, Christian (2004). Isle of Burn: The Political Ecology of Landscape Burning in Madagascar, Upshot 246. Chicago: Academy of Chicago Press. doi:10.1086/431115. ISBN9780226461410.

External links [edit]

  • Large database of local names of fauna of Madagascar with English and scientific names
  • Republic of madagascar Wildlife Conservation
  • WildMadagascar.org

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Madagascar

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